Ех. 1. Match the word with the appropriate definition.
1. a person who owns or operates an industrial or commercial establishment.
2. an inexpensive eating place on a main route, used mainly by long distance lorry drivers.
3. the act or process of making laws.
4. an amount of money levied for the use of certain roads, bridges, etc., to cover the cost of maintenance.
5. accounting a system of dividing overhead expenses between the various departments of a business.
6. freedom from danger or risk of injury.
7. the movement of vehicles, people in a particular place or for a particular purpose.
Ex. 2. Match the words and word combinations with the similar meaning.
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1. haulage 2. charge 3. toll 4. levy 5. in regard to 6. legislation 7. consequently 8. crucial 9. non-discrimination |
a. duty b. critical/ urgent c. therefore d. equality e. in respect to f. tax g. expenses, costs h. law i. transportation |
Ex. 3. Choose the right variant for each word combination.
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1. Limited access road 2. Collision avoidance 3. Speed – measuring device 4. Green wave 5. Posted limit 6.Business days 7. Traffic congestion 8. Traffic congestion 9. Rush – hour traffic intensity 10. Lane marking 11. Grade – separated intersection 12. Grade junction 13. Minimum speed signs 14. Time-consuming |
a. зелена хвиля b. інтенсивність руху за годину пік c. забирає багато часу d. дорога з обмеженим рухом e. розмітка смуг f. встановлені обмеження g. дорожня розв'язка у двох рівнях h. перетин доріг на одному рівні j. пристрій вимірювання швидкості i. Уникнення зіткнення k. пробки на дорогах l. робочі дні m. знаки обмеження мінімальної швидкості n. аварійна сигналізація |
I. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
1. What is a car? 2. Does the car have many applications? 3. What did the mass production of cars result in? 4.
Is the car an efficient means of urban transportation? 5. What problems has the car caused? 6. How do
environmentalists suggest improving transportation? 7. What fuel will the cars run on in the future?
II. Read the text attentively to learn more about the questions the cars pose.
For many people, cars are more than a convenient form of transportation: they are a source of passion and
pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems.
In 1903, Ford Motors became the first to mass-produce cars. This made the car available to large numbers
of people. It has brought people much closer to places of work, study, and entertainment. Many people also
work in car-related industries: fixing cars, washing cars, advertising cars and selling car products such as
stereos and cellular phones.
Many Americans buy a new car every six years. In fact, there are more cars than people in the United
States. In New York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this traffic, the average
speed is sometimes 8.1 miles per hour. This speed could be easily reached by riding a horse instead of driving a
car.
Environmentalists dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing cars with bicycles. They insist
on developing public transportation and point out that it saves fuel and does not damage the environment that
much. Many people around the world people are unhappy with car traffic and pollution but they cannot imagine
their life without driving.
Still, there is an important question that must be answered: What kind of fuel will be used when gasoline is
no longer available? To solve this problem, car companies in Korea, Japan, Europe, and the US develop electric
cars that will not require gasoline at all.
The electric car is not a new idea. Being pollution-free, quiet and easy to start, it had a success with
women in the 1900s. But gasoline- powered cars were faster and soon became much more popular. In the
1970s, when there were serious problems with the availability of oil, car companies began to plan for a future
without gasoline again.
Today's new interest in the electric car is partly related to a passion for speed and new technology. In
1987 a solar-powered car won a 2,000-mile race in Australia. Air-compressed cars, fuel cell cars, flying cars are
currently under development. However, the importance of cars will not decrease, no matter how they change in
the future.
III. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. The major function of the car is to serve as ....
a) a means of transportation; b) a source of entertainment; c) a source of problems.
2. The mass production of cars made the cars .... a) large; b) practical; c) available.
3. The New Yorkers move at approximately 8.1 mph because they ....
a) like horse riding; b) are not in a hurry; c) stop in traffic jams.
4. Environmentalists object to ... .
a) replacing cars with bikes; b) polluting the environment; c) developing public transportation.
5. The topical question of the day is ... .
a) what fuel will replace gasoline; b) how much fuel will cost; c) when electric cars will appear.
6. Electric cars are being developed because conventional fuel will soon become ....
a) expensive; b) unavailable; c) inefficient.
7. Electric cars lost popularity in the 1920s because they were ....
a) pollution-free, quiet and easy to start; b) slow; c) driven by women.
8.Even if the cars totally change in the future, their importance will not....
a) increase; b) decrease; c) change.