FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION (PART 2)

I. Read and learn the words and word-combinations.

II. Read and translate the text.
The truck was derived from horse-driven wagon technology and some of the pioneer manufacturers came from the wagon business. In 1896 Gottlieb Daimler of Germany built the first motor truck. It was equipped with a four-horse-power engine and a belt drive with two speeds forward and one in reverse. In 1898 the Winton Company of the United States produced a gasoline-powered delivery wagon with a single-cylinder six- horsepower engine.
In World War I motor truck were widely used, and in World War II they largely replaced horse-drawn equipment. It was the four-wheel drive, quarter-ton- capacity, short-wheelbase jeep, capable of performing a variety of military tasks.
A truck, or lorry, is a motor vehicle designed to carry loads or to perform special services (such as fire fighting). According to their weight trucks are classified as light, medium and heavy- duty trucks. Light trucks have gross vehicle weight (GVW) up to 6.35 tons. In the 1990s they made up more than 92 percent of all trucks sold. These vehicles generally have more in common with passenger cars than with larger trucks. More than half of the production of trucks consists of small pickup trucks and vans. Medium trucks have GVW from 6 tons to 15 tons and are generally straight design. They make up about 4 percent of sales.
Heavy-duty trucks with the weight of more than 15 tons are cross-country tractor-trailer combinations. Trucks can be classified as straight and articulated. A straight truck is one in which all axles are attached to a single frame. An articulated vehicle is one that consists of two or more separate frames connected by suitable couplings. A truck tractor is a motor vehicle designed primarily for drawing truck trailers. It is built to carry part of the weight and load of a semi-trailer. A semi- trailer is equipped with one or more axles and constructed so that the end and a great part of its weight and its load rests upon the truck trailer. In contrast, a full trailer is so constructed that all of its own weight and its load rests upon its own wheels. A device called the fifth wheel is used to connect a truck tractor to a semitrailer and to permit articulation between units.

III. Answer the following questions.
1. Who built the first motor truck?
2. When did the Winton Company of the United States produced a gasoline- powered delivery wagon?
3. How are the trucks classified according to their weight?
4. What is a straight truck?
5. Where is a device called the fifth wheel used?

IV. Read the text again and decide if the statements are true or false.
1. In 1996 Gottlieb Daimler of Germany built the first motor truck.
2. Motor trucks weren’t used in World War I.
3. More than half of the production of trucks consists of small pickup trucks and vans.
4. Medium trucks make up about 4 percent of sales.
5. Trucks can be classified as straight and not straight.

V. Translate the following word-combinations into English.
Повна вага машини, спроектований перевозити вантажі, важкий вантажний автомобіль, повнопривідний , різноманітні військові завдання.

VI. Continue the sentenced and translate them into Ukrainian.
1. A truck, or lorry, is a motor vehicle designed__________________
2. Medium trucks have GVW from 6 tons to 15 tons_______________
3. A device called the fifth wheel is used to connect_______________
4. An articulated vehicle is one that___________________________

Mechanisms

I. Discuss the following questions.
1. What car mechanisms do you know? Make a list and compare it with your partner.
2. Can you name the functions of the car mechanisms that you have in your list?

II. Read, translate the dialogue and learn the functions of the carburetor.
- Could you tell me what a carburetor is? What system does it belong to?
- Well, it belongs to the fuel system of the car.
- And what function does it perform?
- The two functions to be performed by the carburetor are very important. Its first function is to measure exact quantities of the petrol to be mixed with air.
- What is the second function, I wonder?
- Oh, it is to break up petrol into fine particles so that the mixture will burn rapidly, of course.
- And may the carburetor be blocked?
- Certainly, it may happen as petrol contains some dirty particles.
- I see. What is there above the carburetor?
- That’s an air filter. Its function is to clean the air to be delivered to the carburetor.
- Does that mean that the carburetor can’t be blocked if the filter works well?
- Certainly.

III. Complete the dialogues.

a) - … does the carburetor perform, I wonder? - Well, …… - And what is the second … I’d like to know? - As for …, it is to … b) - The carburetor is blocked sometimes, …? - Of course, if …. . But there is … c) - And what is the function of the filter? - ……………………………………… - Oh, I see …….

IV. Match a line A with a line B.

V.Find the English equivalents.

VI. Match the words with the similar meaning.

VII.Complete the table with the missing words.

Internal Combustion Engines

The first internal combustion engine light enough in weight was the gasoline engine, invented by a German named Otto.
At the same time Dr. Rudolph Diesel was working on the diesel engine. The Diesel engine is similar to the gasoline engine in many ways. There are many variations in engine arrangements, but the basic parts of most 4- stroke cycle engines are similar.
In the in-line arrangement the cylinders are lined up in a single row. The V-type engine is called so as the cylinders form 2 rows or "banks", set at an angle to each other to form the letter V.
The diesel engine gets its power from the expansion of burning gases. The diesel engine depends on the heat of compression for ignition of the fuel.
Liquid fuel that contains more heat energy than gasoline is diesel oil.
Diesel oil is slower burning, but it produces more power. Diesel engines also must be heavier than gasoline engines, but they are more efficient when working under heavy loads at low speeds.
The advantages of the diesel over the gasoline engine are as follows:
a).more economic operation;
b).higher compression ratio;
c).reduced maintenance costs;
d).good pulling power.

Engines

The two most common types of engines for cars are the petrol engine and diesel engine. Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines. This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines. They usually go foster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel than petrol engines, and this is why trucks use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.
There are two main types of petrol engine - 4-stroke and 2-stroke. All cars use 4-stroke engines. But most motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. They are lighter and smaller than 4-stroke engines, and are therefore cheaper. These words are: fog light, brake light, rear light, hood, headlight, sunroof, hubcap, tire, bumper, parking light, windscreen, windscreen wiper, trunk, door, number plate, wing, indicator, exhaust pipe, reflector, brake light, rear window, antenna, side mirror, mud flap, door handle, petrol cap, rear light